S11 Improving knowledge co-creation and participation in physical activity promotion: The cooperative planning approach

Abstract A central problem of current efforts to promote health and physical activity (PA) is that many successful projects remain stuck in the demonstration phase and are not implemented successfully at scale. The use of participatory and/or co-creation approaches has been suggested to avoid this ?pilot project trap? and better adapt interventions to target group needs and setting specificities. This symposium intends to introduce to an international audience a particular participatory concept that has become increasingly popular in PA promotion in Germany in recent years: The Cooperative Planning approach has been successfully used in sport facility planning, local and regional PA policy development, and various settings of PA promotion (incl. kindergartens, schools, vocational training, and communities). The workshop will shed light on the theoretical background and methodology of Cooperative Planning as well as its specific application in select settings. The first presentation will introduce the concept of Cooperative Planning, outline potential areas of application, and compare it with other popular participatory and co-creation approaches in PA promotion. Following this, we will provide evidence from ongoing projects employing the approach to promote PA in kindergartens (Presentation 2) and in the community setting (Presentation 3). Presentation 4 will introduce an example from the retirement home setting and also highlight ways of combining Cooperative Planning with other approaches such as photovoice and participatory evaluation. The final presentation will provide an outlook on the future extension of the concept by introducing the idea of the Practice Dive, which may be used to further optimize knowledge co-creation between researchers and practitioners. A closer look at the Cooperative Planning approach is both timely and relevant for an international audience for a number of reasons: Conceptually, Cooperative Planning is a theory-based framework that combines ideas of participation and co-creation for PA into an innovative whole-of-system approach. From a practical PA promotion perspective, it transcends many existing techniques by focusing both on engaging multipliers and members of the target group, and by involving all of them in the decisive intervention development process (e.g. rather than only via opinion polls or focus groups). This symposium will allow us to combine evidence from four different projects, highlighting both the specificities of working in different settings as well as different aspects and possible extensions of the Cooperative Planning approach.

prevalence and associated costs for the health care system present a strong incentive for national governments to develop PA policies. There is a lack of recent and mutually comparable data on national PA policies, particularly for low-to middleincome countries. In 2019, the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) has therefore started collecting data on national PA policies globally using the GoPA! Policy Inventory, version 3.0. Our aim is to present the preliminary findings of this data collection and lessons learned during the process.

Methods
The GoPA! Policy Inventory, version 3.0 was distributed to 149 GoPA! Country Contacts, with an option to provide their responses in an online survey or in an interactive Word document. The GoPA! Policy Inventory, version 3.0 includes 20 questions about availability, content, implementation, comprehensiveness, and effectiveness of national PA policies.

Results
Data were collected for 24 high-income, 13 upper-middleincome, nine lower-middle-income, and three low-income countries (overall n = 49) from all six WHO regions. A large majority of countries (76%) reported having a national PA policy or plan. Fifty-seven per cent of countries reported having PA recommendations. However, less than a half of the countries (45%) had PA recommendations for each of the following key target groups: children and young people, adults, and older adults. National health surveillance/monitoring system, which Symposium Abstract citation ID: ckac093.054 S11 Improving knowledge co-creation and participation in physical activity promotion: The cooperative planning approach A central problem of current efforts to promote health and physical activity (PA) is that many successful projects remain stuck in the demonstration phase and are not implemented successfully at scale. The use of participatory and/or cocreation approaches has been suggested to avoid this ?pilot project trap? and better adapt interventions to target group needs and setting specificities. This symposium intends to introduce to an international audience a particular participatory concept that has become increasingly popular in PA promotion in Germany in recent years: The Cooperative Planning approach has been successfully used in sport facility planning, local and regional PA policy development, and various settings of PA promotion (incl. kindergartens, schools, vocational training, and communities). The workshop will shed light on the theoretical background and methodology of Cooperative Planning as well as its specific application in select settings. The first presentation will introduce the concept of Cooperative Planning, outline potential areas of application, and compare it with other popular participatory and cocreation approaches in PA promotion. Following this, we will provide evidence from ongoing projects employing the approach to promote PA in kindergartens (Presentation 2) and in the community setting (Presentation 3). Presentation 4 will introduce an example from the retirement home setting and also highlight ways of combining Cooperative Planning with other approaches such as photovoice and participatory evaluation. The final presentation will provide an outlook on the future extension of the concept by introducing the idea of the Practice Dive, which may be used to further optimize knowledge co-creation between researchers and practitioners.
A closer look at the Cooperative Planning approach is both timely and relevant for an international audience for a number of reasons: Conceptually, Cooperative Planning is a theorybased framework that combines ideas of participation and cocreation for PA into an innovative whole-of-system approach. From a practical PA promotion perspective, it transcends many existing techniques by focusing both on engaging multipliers and members of the target group, and by involving all of them in the decisive intervention development process (e.g. rather than only via opinion polls or focus groups). This symposium will allow us to combine evidence from four different projects, highlighting both the specificities of working in different settings as well as different aspects and possible extensions of the Cooperative Planning approach. Keywords: health promotion theory, participatory approaches, knowledge co-creation, scaling-up, sustainability Improving knowledge co-creation and participation in physical activity promotion: The cooperative planning approach Abstract citation ID: ckac093.055 S11-1 The cooperative planning approach in promotion: Theoretical foundation, theoretical classification and key elements Peter Gelius 1 1 Department of Sport Science and Sport, FAU Erlangen-Nü rnberg, Germany Corresponding author: peter.gelius@fau.de Background Implementing effective physical activity (PA) into routine practice is challenging once research out, and only a minority of programs are successfully moved from research to practice settings and become embedded in a system. Participatory approaches are seen as a means to overcome this trap and sustainably implement and scale-up programs. This presentation provides methodological and methodological overview of the cooperative planning approach (CP), a participatory method increasingly used in PA promotion in the last years.

Methods
We reviewed the literature to trace the origins of the CP approach, outline its basic theoretical foundations, and summarize its central components and procedures. In addition, we compiled a structured overview of previous CP projects to highlight potential application contexts of the approach. Building on the results of a scoping review, we position the CP method within the body of existing participatory approaches based on Arnstein's ladder of participation.

Results
From a theoretical point of view, CP can be traced to the literature on knowledge co-creation and participatory research. It bears conceptual similarities with various organizationbased planning methods. There are several distinctive characteristics that set it apart, including (a) the heterogeneity and expertise of participants, (b) a specific process sequence, (c) key success indicators, and (d) structured outputs. Variations of the approach have been successfully employed in sports development and physical activity promotion for target groups across the life-course. Positioning CP within the universe of existing approaches shows that it offers comparatively high levels of participation, is focused on later stages of the implementation process, and is well-suited to be combined with other methods of participation (e.g. citizen science).

Conclusions
The CP approach constitutes an alternative to existing knowledge co-creation and participatory approaches that may help overcome the problem of the pilot project trap. It can be easily adapted to different contexts but is especially suitable for settings where the development of specific measures for PA promotion is required. However, a successful implementation of the CP process depends on a number of Christina Mü ller 1 1 Institut fü r angewandte Gesundheitswissenschaften, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany Corresponding author: christina.mueller@uni-wuerzburg.de

Background
Interventions to promote health-enhancing physical activity in early childhood education and care settings are most successful when tailored to the specific needs of each childcare centre and providing ongoing support to address context-specific barriers. Our research project therefore initiated organizational development processes in 12 childcare centres in Southern Germany supported by coaching and self-assessment tools. The staff of each centre was instructed to set three centre-specific SMART goals targeting physical activity and to use Goal Attainment Scaling in order to track the success at implementation. This qualitative study aims at exploring childcare centre directors' views on the guided planning process and identifying facilitators and barriers for its implementation.

Methods
We conducted guided semi-structured interviews with the directors of the centres after the 12-month organizational development process. 9 out of 12 directors were interviewed. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using qualitative content analysis with inductive category development.

Results
Childcare directors mainly considered themselves to be the person with the greatest responsibility for the success of the process. The coaching was regarded as helpful for structuring the process, involving the whole team and becoming clearer about goals. Several factors were identified as facilitators: a beneficial personnel situation, the intrinsic motivation of staff, good team cooperation, a high priority of physical activity, previous experience with similar projects, pressure for change, individual drivers, a good infrastructure, parents' support and support from the administrating organization. Reported barriers included team conflicts, lack of willingness to accept change and shortness of time.

Conclusions
Several contextual and interpersonal factors seem to influence the extent to which a cooperative planning process can be implemented by the staff of a childcare centre. The results help